Biblical Chronology Research

The work

Biblical Chronology Research is a multidisciplinary independent research program on the chronology of the second millennium BCE and the synchronization of textual and archaeological evidence for the Bronze Age. Its central argument places the biblical Exodus tradition at approximately 1610–1606 BCE — in the immediate aftermath of the Minoan eruption of Thera and during the terminal collapse of the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty at Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a, Eastern Nile Delta). The complete framework now stands in a single two-volume book, The 1600 Protocol; the earlier monograph and working paper that built toward it remain openly available for transparency and the citation record.

The book

The 1600 Protocol is the definitive statement of the framework — the work that gathers, supersedes, and completes everything before it. The whole argument stands in one place: every key claim graded for confidence, every part stating in advance what evidence would break it. It draws the program's two lines together — the world-historical 1600 BCE Horizon and the biblical-historical Sinai Convergence — and anchors both to a single radiocarbon-dated event, the Minoan eruption of Thera (~1611 BCE). The claim is not that the eruption caused the Exodus, but that the two are one compressed window of history seen from two sides, anchored together so that each becomes more testable.

The work is published in two volumes. Volume I — The Synthesis lays out the argument in four parts, from the eruption and the systemic disruption through the chronological spine and the Sinai Convergence to the unification. Volume II — The Field Directive turns each falsification criterion into a named site, a named technology, and a result stated in advance that would confirm or end the framework — twenty-one operations in all. It is offered as an apparatus to be tested, not a thesis to be defended.

It is built to be read from the outside in. A reader can enter at the summary and follow any claim down to the evidence beneath it, finding at every level what would have to be true — and what would have to be false — for the argument to hold. This is the whole of the research assembled in one place, and the work by which it should be judged.

Stated to be tested. Every load-bearing claim carries a confidence grade, and every part names in advance the evidence that would overturn it — the discipline that separates a testable framework from an assertion.

The foundations

The two works below are the earlier deposits the book is built on. The 1600 Protocol now supersedes them as the current statement of the framework; they remain openly available, unchanged, for transparency, reproducibility, and the citation record.

The monograph anchors the case to Felix Höflmayer's high radiocarbon chronology for the MB/LB transition; to Sturt Manning's 2024 Bayesian refinement of Thera radiocarbon (1612–1602 BCE 1σ); to Hendrik Bruins and Johannes van der Plicht's 2025 Ahmose Gap; to Manfred Bietak's Tell el-Dab'a stratigraphy; to Drews's wind setdown model for the Yam Suph crossing; to Erez Ben-Yosef's Nomadic Complexity model for the wilderness period; and to the Jericho radiocarbon horizon (3306 ± 7 BP). Eight parts, twenty-six thousand words, explicit falsification criteria throughout — offered as a working hypothesis to be tested, not a finished claim.

The companion working paper widens the lens from the Exodus to the whole Bronze Age system. Between approximately 1650 and 1520 BCE, a geographically unprecedented number of complex societies across Europe and the Mediterranean underwent collapse, transformation, or terminal reorganization — the Únětice culture in Central Europe, the El Argar polity in southeastern Iberia, the Neopalatial civilization on Crete, the tell-based Ottomány–Füzesabony cultures of the Carpathian Basin, and the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty at Tell el-Dab'a — while Scandinavia experienced not collapse but the "breakthrough" of the Nordic Bronze Age. The paper maps these synchronous terminations against the updated radiocarbon chronology for the Thera eruption and argues that the primary mechanism of transmission was not volcanic winter but trade-network severance: the eruption destroyed the Aegean maritime hub connecting Mediterranean, Central European, and Atlantic trade networks.

About the author

"I find the historical core in the chaotic information mass."

Balázs T. Kiss (also writing as Kiss Balázs Tibor) is a Researcher, Data Analyst based in Bavaria, Germany, working on Bronze Age chronology, biblical archaeology, and the synchronization of textual and archaeological evidence for the second millennium BCE.

He works without institutional affiliation, drawing on radiocarbon physics, Bayesian methods, stratigraphic geology, and biogeochemistry alongside the textual and archaeological tradition. The work is openly deposited under CC-BY-NC-ND on Zenodo to invite testing and critique. The research brackets the question of religious historicity and treats biblical traditions as historical sources to be critically evaluated, neither affirmed nor denied as theological claims.

Channels

Citation

@book{kiss2026protocol,
  author    = {Kiss, Balázs T.},
  title     = {The 1600 Protocol: The Thera Eruption, the
               Bronze Age Disruption, and the Exodus ---
               A Unified Framework},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Knowledge Commons},
  edition   = {Volumes I--II},
  doi       = {10.17613/7m2yy-sht83},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.17613/7m2yy-sht83},
  note      = {The definitive statement of the Biblical
               Chronology Research framework}
}

@misc{kiss2026sinai,
  author    = {Kiss, Balázs T.},
  title     = {The Sinai Convergence: A Multi-Disciplinary
               Case for the ~1610 BCE Exodus},
  year      = {2026},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.20072469},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20072469},
  note      = {Foundational monograph of the Biblical
               Chronology Research program}
}

@techreport{kiss2026horizon,
  author      = {Kiss, Balázs T.},
  title       = {The 1600 BCE Horizon: A Pan-European and
                 Mediterranean Systemic Disruption --
                 Synchronous Cultural Terminations,
                 Trade-Network Severance, and the Thera
                 Eruption},
  year        = {2026},
  institution = {Biblical Chronology Research},
  number      = {Working Paper No. 2},
  type        = {Working Paper},
  publisher   = {Zenodo},
  doi         = {10.5281/zenodo.20128935},
  url         = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20128935},
  note        = {Companion to Kiss (2026), The Sinai Convergence,
                 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20072469}
}

Contact

For correspondence on the framework, the book, or related research questions: biblical.chronology.research@gmail.com